跳到主要內容

Install K8S on VM and spring boot integration.

Installation Environment Vmware Workstation pro  It is recommended to use the  snapshot  to store the state of each installation stage to avoid installation failures and causing the installation to start from scratch. Ubuntu 22.04 windows 11 Hardware settings  create 3 VM: 4 cores and 4G memory and 100G capacity Before installing K8s (All use the root user) set host: 192.168.47.135 master 192.168.47.131 node1 192.168.47.132 node2 set root ssh connection: sudo su - echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config systemctl restart sshd sudo passwd ssh-keygen for i in {master,node1,node2}; do  ssh-copy-id root@$i; done set Ipvs and conf  create conf file: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'cat << EOF > /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf overlay br_netfilter EOF'; done execute conf: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'modprobe overlay;modprobe br_netfilter;'; done create 99-kubernetes-cri.conf file: for i in {maste...
張貼留言

Virtual memory

Virtual memory

Separation of user logical memory from physical memory.

  • To run an extremely large process.
    • Logical address space can be much larger than physical address space.
  • To increase CPU/resource utilization.
    • A higher degree of multiprogramming degree.
  • To simplify programming tasks.
    • A free programmer from memory limitation.
  • To run programs faster.
    • Less I/O would be needed to load or swap.

Process & virtual memory

  • Demand paging: only bring in the page containing the first instruction.
  • Copy-on-write: the parent and the child process share the same frames initially, and frame-copy. when a page is written.
    • Allow both the parent and the child process to share the same frames in memory.
    • If either process modifies a frame, only then a frame is copied.
    • COW allows efficient process creation(e.g., fork()).
    • Free frames are allocated from a pool of zeroed-out frames(for security reasons).
      • The content of the frame is erased to 0
  • Memory-Mapped File: map a file into the virtual address space to bypass file system calls(e.g., read(), write())

Page Replacement Concept

  • When a page fault occurs with no free frame
    • Swap out a process, freeing all its frames, or
    • Page replacement: find one currently used and free it
      • Use dirty bit to reduce the overhead of page transfers-only modified pages are written to disk
  • Solve two major problems for demand paging
    • Frame-allocation algorithm:
      • Determine how many frames are to be allocated to a process.
    • Page-replacement algorithm:
      • Select which frame to be replaced
      • Goal: lowest page-fault rate
      • Evolution: running against a string of memory references (reference string) and computing the number of page faults
      • Replacement algorithms:
        • FIFO algorithm.
        • Optimal(Belady) algorithm.
        • LRU algorithm.
      • Counting algorithms:
        • LFU Algorithm(least frequently used).
        • MGU Algorithm(most frequently used).

Thrashing

  • If a process does not have "enough" frames.
    • The process does not have #frames it needs to support pages in active use. -> very high paging activity
  • A process is thrashing if it is spending more time.
  • To prevent thrashing, one must provide enough frames for each process:
    • Working-set model, page-fault frequency
reference:
https://www.amazon.com/-/zh_TW/Operating-System-Concepts-Abraham-Silberschatz/dp/1119800366/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Operating-System-Concepts&qid=1669538704&s=books&sr=1-1

留言

張貼留言

這個網誌中的熱門文章

OS basic

Table of contents [ hide ] OS architecture The operating system architecture consists of three parts, user mode, kernel mode, and hardware. User mode is for the application to execute the user's program. Kernel mode is to control all the I/O devices and system stability. Storage device hierarchy System call The system call is a kind of software interrupt, including six categories. Process control. File management. Device management. Information maintenance. Communication. Protection. System calls use three methods to pass parameters. Registers. The table in memory. Push onto the stack. A view of operating system services reference: https://www.amazon.com/-/zh_TW/Operating-System-Concepts-Abraham-Silberschatz/dp/1119800366/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Operating-System-Concepts&qid=1669538704&s=books&sr=1-1
張貼留言
閱讀完整內容

Cpu scheduling

Table of contents [ hide ] Basic concept The idea of multiprogramming: Keep several processes in memory. Every time one process has to wait, another process takes over the use of the CPU. CPU-I/O burst cycle: Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait(i.e., CPU burst and I/O burst). Generally, there is a large number of short CPU bursts and a small number of long CPU bursts An I/O-bound program would typically have many very short CPU bursts. A CPU-bound program might have a few long CPU bursts. CPU scheduler Select from the ready queue to execute(I.e allocates an APU for the selected process) CPU scheduling  decision may take place when a process: Switch from running to waiting state. Switch from running to ready state. Switch from waiting to ready. Terminates. Non-preemptive scheduling: Scheduling under 1 and 4(no choice in terms of scheduling). The process keeps the CPU until it is terminated or switched to the waiting state. Preemptive schedul...
張貼留言
閱讀完整內容

Java memeory model

The java memory model has multiple areas to do different jobs, this model is in user space because it has no I/O control. There are these parts: Program counter register: For java multi-thread switching different threads, and same functionality as OS counters. (PC) Registers are created every time a new thread is created. The PC holds a pointer to the current statement being executed in its thread. If the currently executing method is 'native', then the value of the program counter register will be undefined. Stack: Private for each thread. It contains method-specific primitive values and references to objects referenced from methods in the heap. Whenever we call a new method, a new block is created on top of the stack which contains values specific to that method Native Method stacks: JVM that supports native methods will have native method stacks. It is used for native methods, and created per thread.  Heap: Heap data area is used to store objects of classes and arrays....
張貼留言
閱讀完整內容