Installation Environment Vmware Workstation pro It is recommended to use the snapshot to store the state of each installation stage to avoid installation failures and causing the installation to start from scratch. Ubuntu 22.04 windows 11 Hardware settings create 3 VM: 4 cores and 4G memory and 100G capacity Before installing K8s (All use the root user) set host: 192.168.47.135 master 192.168.47.131 node1 192.168.47.132 node2 set root ssh connection: sudo su - echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config systemctl restart sshd sudo passwd ssh-keygen for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh-copy-id root@$i; done set Ipvs and conf create conf file: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'cat << EOF > /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf overlay br_netfilter EOF'; done execute conf: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'modprobe overlay;modprobe br_netfilter;'; done create 99-kubernetes-cri.conf file: for i in {maste...
Thread
Thread is a lightweight process, a basic unit of CPU utilization.
All threads belonging to the same process share:
- Code section.
- Data section.
- OS resources(e.g. open files and signals)
Each thread has its own(thread control block):
- Thread ID.
- Program counter.
- Register set.
- A tack.
Benefits of multithreading:
- Responsiveness.
- Resource sharing.
- Utilization of NP arch.
- Economy.
User vs Kernel threads
User threads
- Thread management is done by the user-level thread library.
- POSIX Pthreads.
- Win32 threads.
- Java threads.
- Thread library provides support for thread creation, scheduling, and deletion.
- Generally fast to create and manage.
- If the kernel is single-threaded, a user-thread block -> entire process blocks even if other threads are ready to run.
Kernel threads
- Supported by the kernel(OS) directly.
- Windows 2000(NT)
- Solaris
- Linux
- Tr64 UNIX
- The kernel performs thread creation, scheduling, etc.
- Generally slower to create and manage.
- If a thread is blocked, the kernel can schedule another thread for execution.
Multithreading models
- Many-to-One: Many user-level threads mapped to a single kernel thread.
- One-to-One: Each user-level thread maps to the kernel thread.
- Many-to-Many: Multiplexes many user-level threads to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads
Thread pools
Create a number of threads in the pool where they await work.
Advantages:
- Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing thread than create a new thread.
- Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be bound to the size of the pool.
reference:
https://www.amazon.com/-/zh_TW/Operating-System-Concepts-Abraham-Silberschatz/dp/1119800366/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Operating-System-Concepts&qid=1669538704&s=books&sr=1-1
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