Installation Environment Vmware Workstation pro It is recommended to use the snapshot to store the state of each installation stage to avoid installation failures and causing the installation to start from scratch. Ubuntu 22.04 windows 11 Hardware settings create 3 VM: 4 cores and 4G memory and 100G capacity Before installing K8s (All use the root user) set host: 192.168.47.135 master 192.168.47.131 node1 192.168.47.132 node2 set root ssh connection: sudo su - echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config systemctl restart sshd sudo passwd ssh-keygen for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh-copy-id root@$i; done set Ipvs and conf create conf file: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'cat << EOF > /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf overlay br_netfilter EOF'; done execute conf: for i in {master,node1,node2}; do ssh root@$i 'modprobe overlay;modprobe br_netfilter;'; done create 99-kubernetes-cri.conf file: for i in {maste...
The Internet Model includes 4 layers and 7 layers, usually, we use 7 layers for education and communication.
Physical
Specifies how data is processed into bits and physically transferred over cables.
- Media type.
- Connector type.
- Signal strength.
- Coding Mechanism.
Data link
Provides the link for how data packaged into frames is communicated through hardware to transport across a medium.
- Medium Access.
- Physical Address.
- Frame.
Ethernet_frame:
Network
The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring packets from one node to another connected in "different networks"
- Defines the format of the logical address.
- Provide routing and best path.
IPV4 packet
Icmp
- ICMP messages are typically used for diagnostic or control purposes or generated in response to errors in IP operations (as specified in RFC 1122). ICMP errors are directed to the source IP address of the originating packet.
- It is used by network devices, like routers, to send error messages indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.
- It is assigned protocol number 1. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute)reached.
ICMPv4 packet
ARP
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link-layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address.
ARP packet
Transport
Responsible for breaking the data into segments, and establishing an end-to-end logical connection between machines.
- Break the data into segments.
- Distinguishes between upper-layer applications.
- Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications.
- Flow control.
- Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer.
- Error checking and recovery.
TCP
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP).
- Connection-Oriented Protocol.
- Error Checking.
- Sequencing.
- Acknowledgments.
- Flow Control.
- Data Recovery.
TCP segment
UDP
UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of protocol mechanisms.
It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user's program to any unreliability of the underlying network; there is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection.
- Connectionless Protocol.
- Best-Effort Delivery.
- No Data Recovery.
Session
The Session Layer creates the setup, controls the connections, and ends the teardown, between two or more computers, which is called a "session".
Presentation
The Presentation Layer establishes data formatting and data translation into a format specified by the application layer during the encapsulation of outgoing messages while being passed down the protocol stack, and possibly reversed during the de-encapsulation of incoming messages when being passed up the protocol stack
Application
The application layer is the layer of the OSI model that is closest to the end user, which means both the OSI Application Layer and the user interact directly with a software application that implements a component of communication between the client and server
Http
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the hierarchical and distributed naming system used to identify computers reachable through the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
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